Nature09525

LETTER doi:10.1038/nature09525 Fine-scale recombination rate differences between sexes, populations and item-by-items Augustine Kong1, Gudmar Thorleifsson1, Daniel F. Gudbjartsson1, Gisli Masson1, Asgeir Sigurdsson1, Aslaug Jonasdottir1, G. Bragi Walters1, Adalbjorg Jonasdottir1, Arnaldur Gylfason1, Kari Th. Kristinsson1, Sigurjon A. Gudjonsson1, Michael L. Frigge1, Agnar Helgason1,2, Unnur Thorsteinsdottir1,3 & Kari Stefansson1,3 Meiotic recombinations endure to transmitted diversity by yielding saucily combinations of alleles. Recently, high-resolution recombination maps were inferred from high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) information using linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns that capture diachronic recombination events1,2. The manipulation of these maps has been demonstrated by the identification of recombination hotspots2 and associated motifs3, and the chancey that the PRDM9 gene affects the affiliate of recombinations occurring at hotspots4 6. However, these maps provide no information virtually exclusive or sex differences. Moreover, locus- peculiar(prenominal) demographic factors like natural selection7 love bias LD-establish estimates of recombination rate.

Existing genetic maps establish on family info avoid these shortcomings8, but their resolution is limited by comparatively few meioses and a low density of markers. Here we use genomewide SNP data from 15,257 parentoffspring pairs to construct the first recombination maps based on directly observed recombinations with a resolution that is in force(p) down to 10 kilobases (kb). Comparing ma le and female maps reveals that intimately ! 15% of hotspots in one sex are particular to that sex. Although male recombinations result in more shuffling of exons at bottom genes, female recombinations generate more new combinations of nigh genes. We discover novel associations between recombination characteristics of individuals and variants in the PRDM9 gene and we rank new recombination hotspots. Comparisons of our maps with two LD-based...If you want to get a teeming essay, rewrite it on our website: BestEssayCheap.com

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